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The Academy's Evolution Site
Biological evolution is one of the most central concepts in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those interested in the sciences comprehend the evolution theory and how it is permeated throughout all fields of scientific research.
This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a wide range of learning resources about evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many spiritual traditions and 에볼루션 바카라 무료 cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It has many practical applications as well, including providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of species into distinct categories that had been distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, which relied on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or sequences of small DNA fragments, significantly expanded the diversity that could be included in a tree of life2. However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.
By avoiding the necessity for direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. We can create trees using molecular methods such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.
The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However there is a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only found in a single specimen5. Recent analysis of all genomes produced an unfinished draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or their diversity is not fully understood6.
The expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a specific region and determine if particular habitats need special protection. The information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying new remedies to fight diseases to enhancing the quality of the quality of crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with important metabolic functions that may be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While conservation funds are important, the best way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to equip more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, reveals the relationships between different groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits could be either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins and analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the same ancestors. Scientists arrange similar traits into a grouping called a the clade. For instance, all the organisms in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had eggs. The clades are then connected to form a phylogenetic branch to determine which organisms have the closest connection to each other.
Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular information to build a phylogenetic chart that is more precise and precise. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to calculate the age of evolution of living organisms and discover the number of organisms that share a common ancestor.
The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypic flexibility, a kind of behavior that alters in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar in one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be reduced by the use of techniques like cladistics, which combine homologous and analogous features into the tree.
In addition, phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can help conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.
Evolutionary Theory
The central theme of evolution is that organisms develop various characteristics over time due to their interactions with their environments. A variety of theories about evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its requirements and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or non-use of traits causes changes that could be passed on to offspring.
In the 1930s and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 1940s, concepts from a variety of fields -- including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance - came together to create the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, which defines how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change in time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift or mutation, 에볼루션 코리아 gene flow and sexual selection, is a key element of the current evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.
Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations or reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directional selection or 에볼루션 무료 바카라 genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time) can lead to evolution, which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in the individual).
Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny and evolution. In a study by Grunspan et al. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. For more details on how to teach about evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have traditionally studied evolution through looking back in the past, studying fossils, and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution isn't a flims event, but an ongoing process. Bacteria mutate and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and are able to evade new medications, and animals adapt their behavior in response to a changing planet. The changes that result are often evident.
It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be seen in action, 에볼루션 무료체험 as well. The main reason is that different traits confer the ability to survive at different rates and reproduction, and can be passed down from one generation to another.
In the past, when one particular allele--the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a population of interbreeding species, it could quickly become more common than other alleles. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples from each population were taken frequently and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.
Lenski's research has shown that a mutation can profoundly alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that some find difficult to accept.
Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in areas where insecticides are employed. This is due to pesticides causing a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes.
The speed of evolution taking place has led to a growing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity--including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that prevent many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make smarter choices about the future of our planet and the lives of its inhabitants.
Biological evolution is one of the most central concepts in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those interested in the sciences comprehend the evolution theory and how it is permeated throughout all fields of scientific research.
This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a wide range of learning resources about evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many spiritual traditions and 에볼루션 바카라 무료 cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It has many practical applications as well, including providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of species into distinct categories that had been distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, which relied on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or sequences of small DNA fragments, significantly expanded the diversity that could be included in a tree of life2. However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.
By avoiding the necessity for direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. We can create trees using molecular methods such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.
The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However there is a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only found in a single specimen5. Recent analysis of all genomes produced an unfinished draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or their diversity is not fully understood6.
The expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a specific region and determine if particular habitats need special protection. The information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying new remedies to fight diseases to enhancing the quality of the quality of crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with important metabolic functions that may be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While conservation funds are important, the best way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to equip more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, reveals the relationships between different groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits could be either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins and analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the same ancestors. Scientists arrange similar traits into a grouping called a the clade. For instance, all the organisms in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had eggs. The clades are then connected to form a phylogenetic branch to determine which organisms have the closest connection to each other.
Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular information to build a phylogenetic chart that is more precise and precise. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to calculate the age of evolution of living organisms and discover the number of organisms that share a common ancestor.
The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypic flexibility, a kind of behavior that alters in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar in one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be reduced by the use of techniques like cladistics, which combine homologous and analogous features into the tree.
In addition, phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can help conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.
Evolutionary Theory
The central theme of evolution is that organisms develop various characteristics over time due to their interactions with their environments. A variety of theories about evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its requirements and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or non-use of traits causes changes that could be passed on to offspring.
In the 1930s and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 1940s, concepts from a variety of fields -- including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance - came together to create the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, which defines how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change in time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift or mutation, 에볼루션 코리아 gene flow and sexual selection, is a key element of the current evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.
Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations or reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directional selection or 에볼루션 무료 바카라 genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time) can lead to evolution, which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in the individual).
Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny and evolution. In a study by Grunspan et al. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. For more details on how to teach about evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have traditionally studied evolution through looking back in the past, studying fossils, and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution isn't a flims event, but an ongoing process. Bacteria mutate and 에볼루션 무료 바카라 resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and are able to evade new medications, and animals adapt their behavior in response to a changing planet. The changes that result are often evident.
It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be seen in action, 에볼루션 무료체험 as well. The main reason is that different traits confer the ability to survive at different rates and reproduction, and can be passed down from one generation to another.
In the past, when one particular allele--the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a population of interbreeding species, it could quickly become more common than other alleles. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples from each population were taken frequently and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.
Lenski's research has shown that a mutation can profoundly alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that some find difficult to accept.
Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in areas where insecticides are employed. This is due to pesticides causing a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes.
The speed of evolution taking place has led to a growing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity--including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that prevent many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make smarter choices about the future of our planet and the lives of its inhabitants. 